Gaokao: ¿vector de movilidad social o guardián del elitismo?

  • Ye Liu King's College London
Palabras clave: China; desigualdad educativa; examen de ingreso; meritocracia

Resumen

Este artículo sigue con el análisis de los datos recogidos en 2007, con el objetivo de examinar si el Gaokao ha facilitado la movilidad social ascendente en China. En la primera parte se analizan los datos nacionales y regionales sobre las tendencias de los cambios en los exámenes, el acceso a los distintos tipos de universidades y el mantenimiento de las oportunidades de acceso a las instituciones de élite para los grupos sociales privilegiados. La segunda parte investiga el impacto del examen a lo largo de 14 años y para eso tres entrevistados codificados como Gaokao-campeão, Gaokao-perdedor e Gaokao-mediocre participaron. La comparación de los resultados de sus exámenes con sus posteriores trayectorias profesionales y el estatus social pone de manifiesto dos aspectos: 1) el Gaokao promueve la ideología de la meritocracia y promete una movilidad social ascendente a través de la ampliación de las oportunidades de educación superior; 2) detrás del aspecto meritocrático se encuentra la profundización de la desigualdad social en todos los niveles, desde los ingresos hasta el estatus de hukou y las redes sociales. Esta desigualdad mantiene las oportunidades y las redes de las élites. El Gaokao sirve para legitimar los privilegios, sino también para justificar las promesas incumplidas de movilidad social ascendente y normalizar la sensación de devaluación e inutilidad de las personas de origen rural y de la clase trabajadora.

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Biografía del autor/a

Ye Liu, King's College London

Doutora em Sociologia Comparada pelo Instituto de Educação da Universidade de Londres (atualmente UCL Institute of Education), é docente sênior no Departamento de Desenvolvimento Internacional, King’s College London. Foi docente sênior em Educação Internacional na Bath Spa University, Reino Unido, e docente em Estudos Chineses na University College Cork, Irlanda.

ye.liu@kcl.ac.uk

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Publicado
30-12-2021
Sección
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